Limit a Conclusion to the Observed Sample - Practice 1

Use qualifiers to distinguish a finding in a sample from a universal claim.

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Use qualifiers to distinguish a finding in a sample from a universal claim. A cautious statement should still report the result clearly rather than replacing evidence with vagueness.

Worked example

A result from 18 surveyed volunteers can be described as among these volunteers, not for every person.

Would you believe it?

Some is not the same as all. Changing that one word can strengthen a claim beyond the evidence.

Question 1 In a fictional survey, all 12 volunteers preferred draft A of the map. Which conclusion preserves the evidence? All 12 surveyed volunteers preferred draft A. Everyone everywhere prefers draft A. Draft A is guaranteed to succeed with any audience.

Question 2 In a fictional survey, all 13 volunteers preferred draft A of the poster. Which conclusion preserves the evidence? Everyone everywhere prefers draft A. Draft A is guaranteed to succeed with any audience. All 13 surveyed volunteers preferred draft A.

Question 3 In a fictional survey, all 14 volunteers preferred draft A of the model. Which conclusion preserves the evidence? Draft A is guaranteed to succeed with any audience. All 14 surveyed volunteers preferred draft A. Everyone everywhere prefers draft A.

Question 4 In a fictional survey, all 15 volunteers preferred draft A of the chart. Which conclusion preserves the evidence? All 15 surveyed volunteers preferred draft A. Everyone everywhere prefers draft A. Draft A is guaranteed to succeed with any audience.

Question 5 In a fictional survey, all 16 volunteers preferred draft A of the poem. Which conclusion preserves the evidence? Everyone everywhere prefers draft A. Draft A is guaranteed to succeed with any audience. All 16 surveyed volunteers preferred draft A.

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